Full references

Tinnitus change after middle-ear surgery in COM.

Diagnostic-accuracy comparison of bedside vs audiometric Weber.

Long-term follow-up showing durable tinnitus and hearing benefit; suppression tied to continued device use.

Long-term radiotherapy outcomes across head-and-neck paragangliomas.

Cross-sectional study linking hypertension status and severity with tinnitus burden.

STROBE-compliant analysis linking arterial hypertension with tinnitus and hearing loss.

Cohort and Mendelian-randomisation evidence linking CKD to hearing loss.

Otosclerosis surgery improves associated tinnitus.

Recent review of tinnitus in vestibular schwannoma.

Recent comprehensive review of pulsatile tinnitus.

Diagnostic work-up and yield in pulsatile tinnitus, including IIH.

Recent review of middle-ear myoclonus.

Cohort linking iron-deficiency anaemia to new-onset tinnitus.

Scoping review of thyroid dysfunction and inner-ear/cochleo-vestibular symptoms.

Meta-analysis of the diabetes-tinnitus association.

Pulsatile tinnitus as the presenting feature of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Pulsatile tinnitus can persist after IIH treatment.

Recent randomised placebo-controlled study; limited, short-lived effect of topical lidocaine on tinnitus.

Contemporary single-centre series on presentation and management of temporal-bone paragangliomas.

Surgical outcomes of middle-ear (tympanicum) paraganglioma resection.

Stereotactic radiosurgery achieving durable growth control of glomus jugulare.

Population analysis associating atherogenic plasma index with tinnitus.

Links acquired hypothyroidism with hearing impairment in adults.

Meta-analysis associating type 2 diabetes with hearing loss.

Systematic review of audiovestibular involvement and outcomes in Cogan syndrome.

Radiologic abnormalities and pulsatile tinnitus in IIH.

Scoping review of otosyphilis diagnosis and management.

Differential diagnosis and management of pulsatile tinnitus.

Recent cervicogenic review.

Pictorial review of vascular and structural causes of pulsatile tinnitus and their imaging, including retrotympanic masses.

Recent clinical study relating psychoacoustic pitch/loudness matches to audiometry and handicap.

Recent study associating residual inhibition with response to sound-enrichment therapy.

Systematic review of ABI hearing outcomes; better open-set performance in non-tumour than NF2 patients.

Durable symptom resolution after transmastoid sigmoid sinus wall reconstruction for venous pulsatile tinnitus.

Long-term outcome series confirming durable high success of sinus wall reconstruction.

Surgical outcomes of middle-cranial-fossa SCD repair.

Population-based cohort examining tinnitus and cardiovascular disease.

Prospective analysis of tinnitus and cardiovascular/mortality outcomes.

Demonstrates tinnitus-systemic disease associations across age groups.

Audiovestibular involvement in Lyme neuroborreliosis.

Systematic review of hearing and balance in CKD and dialysis.

Clinical account of palatal tremor as a cause of objective tinnitus.

Population cohort: elevated suicide-attempt risk, concentrated in psychiatric comorbidity.

Series characterising typewriter (paroxysmal) tinnitus and its carbamazepine responsiveness.

Randomised clinical trial of Shore-group bimodal auditory-somatosensory device.

Endoscopic tendon section technique and outcomes for middle-ear myoclonus.

Meta-analysis: DMARDs improve auditory/vestibular outcomes in AIED.

Pooled prevalence ~14.4% of adults (>740 million); severe ~2.3%.

Population study linking hypothyroidism with tinnitus risk.

Delphi-consensus definition of misophonia.

Bárány Society / IHS diagnostic criteria for vestibular migraine.

Moderate agreement between bedside and audiometric Weber.

Illustrates palatal-tremor objective tinnitus and its bedside recognition.

Meta-analytic confirmation that EHF thresholds are worse in normal-audiogram tinnitus.

Long-term stability of cochlear findings in normal-hearing tinnitus.

Updated Cochrane review: no evidence of benefit of ginkgo for tinnitus as primary complaint.

Multi-country European prevalence study (~14.7% adults).

Systematic review of tDCS for tinnitus finding small, heterogeneous short-term effects.

TENT-A2 trial of sound-plus-tongue bimodal stimulation (Lenire).

Recent review of targeted (surgical, endovascular, medical) management of vascular pulsatile tinnitus.

Sarcoidosis presenting with sensorineural hearing loss.

Triple-network (salience/attention/DMN) account of tinnitus distress.

Prospective study linking tinnitus severity/annoyance to insomnia.

Quantifies misclassification of the Rinne test near borderline air-bone gaps.

Review of modifiable lifestyle risk factors.

Triple-blind RCT: no significant caffeine effect on tinnitus.

Apparent benefit attenuates with trial quality; no robust specific effect.

Population study associating low TSH (hyperthyroid signature) with annoying tinnitus.

Systematic review of COVID-19 and audio-vestibular symptoms.

Quantifies MES prevalence and features in the hearing-impaired/CI population.

AAO-HNS Menière's CPG.

Large bimodal neuromodulation trial.

Cochrane review: CBT reduces the negative impact of tinnitus on quality of life.

Cochrane review of 28 RCTs; CBT reduces tinnitus distress and depression with no evidence of harm.

Demonstrates the clustering of sigmoid sinus wall anomalies with IIH.

First-in-human Phase I safety trial of caudate (area LC) DBS.

Characteristics and outcomes of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 hearing and tinnitus changes.

Pandemic conditions worsening the experience of tinnitus.

Treating fibromyalgia reduces associated tinnitus severity.

Authoritative clinical overview of exploding head syndrome.

Comprehensive review covering pneumolabyrinth and perilymph-fistula diagnosis and management.

Cellular mechanism review incl. somatosensory plasticity.

Review of DCN cellular mechanisms, somatosensory convergence and bimodal retraining.

Argues central gain alone is insufficient; precision-weighting is required.

Tinnitus-adapted CBT-for-insomnia treatment evaluation.

European multidisciplinary guideline standardising tinnitus assessment and PROMs.

ESIT-SQ standardised screening questionnaire for harmonised tinnitus phenotyping.

Head-to-head comparison of pitch-matching methods and their reliability.

Cross-sectional analysis showing a sex-specific association between tinnitus and suicide attempts.

Review of why tinnitus drug development fails.

Multicentre RCT comparing TRT with standard of care.

Multicentre TRT Trial (TRTT) RCT.

Measured tinnitus severity reduction after stapedotomy.

Investigational protocol exploring the ABI specifically for intractable unilateral tinnitus; illustrates that this indication is not yet established.

Bimodal STDP stimulation study.

Desynchronising bimodal stimulation reduced tinnitus in guinea pigs and humans.

RCT protocol for conservative therapy of somatic tinnitus.

Clinic prevalence and clinical characteristics of severe hyperacusis.

Cochrane review: no good evidence betahistine helps tinnitus; adverse effects similar to placebo.

On the ethics and reality of open-label placebo in chronic conditions.

Cochrane review of sound therapy; low-certainty evidence.

Cochrane review finding low-quality evidence and no demonstrated superiority of any sound type.

Scoping review of combination devices; low-quality evidence.

Review of tinnitus outcomes after stapes surgery.

Use of CI vs ABI for hearing restoration in NF2 depending on cochlear nerve status.

Comprehensive review of sigmoid sinus wall anomalies and their surgical treatment.

Population-based analysis of tinnitus characteristics in anaemia.

Frames the cochlea as a diabetic microvascular end-organ in type 1 diabetes.

Population data on tinnitus comorbidity with anxiety and depression.

Review establishing hidden hearing loss.

Clinical review of somatic tinnitus.

Modern appraisal of ECochG sensitivity in Meniere diagnosis.

Reduced acoustic reflex strength in noise-exposed tinnitus patients with normal audiograms.

RCT: improvement with melatonin, comparable to sertraline.

Guideline: CBT-I is first-line for chronic insomnia.

RCT of MBCT for chronic tinnitus; reduced severity at least as much as relaxation, with maintained benefit.

Pilot RCT of VNS paired with tones; investigational.

Independent series confirming reliable tinnitus suppression with CI in SSD.

Structured radiological differential diagnosis of pulsatile tinnitus by arterial vs venous cause.

Comprehensive review of diagnosis and management of SCD.

Systematic review showing low-quality evidence; better results in paroxysmal subtype.

Review of somatosensory tinnitus mechanisms and modulation.

Maladaptive central plasticity and the role of distress networks.

Shows prevalence estimates vary widely with definition and methodology.

US population survey: prevalence, noise exposure, severity.

Large survivor cohort quantifying cisplatin-related hearing loss and tinnitus.

Predictive-coding integration; gamma correlate.

Direct evidence that synchrony and bursting, not mean rate, track tinnitus.

Review of the cortico-limbic model and its imaging evidence/challenges.

Review framing tinnitus as a sensory-network disorder.

Systematic review of tinnitus effects on cognition.

Systematic review of cognition and listening effort in tinnitus.

Systematic review documenting paediatric tinnitus prevalence and under-recognition.

Validation, outcomes and clinical application of the TFI, including MCID.

Independent psychometric validation of the TFI structure and reliability.

Authoritative review of psychoacoustic tinnitus measurement including pitch matching and octave confusion.

Proposes clinical correlates (word-in-noise, ABR wave I, reflex) of human synaptopathy.

Cochrane review: insufficient evidence that zinc benefits general tinnitus populations.

Systematic review of CI effect on tinnitus in unilateral and bilateral implantation.

Postoperative imaging confirming reconstruction integrity and sinus patency.

Resolution of pulsatile tinnitus following transverse-sinus stenting in IIH.

Pilot RCT of B12 in deficient chronic-tinnitus patients.

US population data on tinnitus prevalence and psychiatric/sleep comorbidity.

International consensus diagnostic criteria.

Human temporal-bone confirmation of cochlear synaptopathy.

Evidence of attentional-system and resting-network changes in tinnitus.

Authoritative network-level synthesis of tinnitus imaging.

Cervical-spine examination tests for somatic (cervicogenic) tinnitus.

Framework for the decreased-sound-tolerance categories.

Demonstrates EHF threshold elevation in tinnitus patients with normal conventional audiograms.

OAEs and efferent suppression in normal-hearing tinnitus.

OAE findings across normal vs mild-loss tinnitus.

Links reduced efferent suppression to tinnitus annoyance.

Suprathreshold measures separate listeners the audiogram cannot.

Authoritative review of tinnitus neuroimaging and the network model.

Update of the thalamocortical-dysrhythmia model of tinnitus.

Review: melatonin may improve sleep quality in tinnitus patients with few adverse effects; effect on percept indirect.

Randomised trial of rTMS for chronic tinnitus showing modest benefit.

Validation of a combined amplification-and-sound-generator instrument.

Consensus guidance on hearing-aid candidature and fitting in tinnitus.

Landmark systematic review of CI effect on tinnitus.

Review of DBS targets and human signals for tinnitus.

Illustrative case of MVD in the typewriter phenotype.

Review of the stress-arousal-tinnitus cycle and HPA-axis involvement.

Review of musical hallucinations (musical ear syndrome) and treatment, framing it as a release phenomenon.

AAO-HNS evidence-based guideline on tinnitus evaluation and management.

Reviews definition, mechanisms and clinical implications of tinnitus.

Cochrane review of hearing aids for subjective tinnitus with hearing loss.

Large UK cohort linking tinnitus to neuroticism/psychological burden.

Central gain review.

Thalamic bursting correlates with behavioural tinnitus in awake rats.

Links central gain to both tinnitus and hyperacusis.

De Ridder's multi-subnetwork synthesis.

Bayesian-brain account of phantom percepts including tinnitus.

Subnetwork integrative model binding separable networks into one phantom percept.

Integrative subnetwork model of tinnitus.

Bayesian/predictive-coding account of phantom percepts.

Cognitive-behavioural framework for tinnitus distress and appraisal.

Definitional review and subtypes of hyperacusis.

Adaptive Bayesian approach to efficient pitch matching.

Phase II intratympanic esketamine (NMDA antagonist) in acute tinnitus; early signal not confirmed in later trials.

Review of dopaminergic/opioidergic mechanisms of the placebo response.

Randomised IIH Treatment Trial of acetazolamide.

Algorithm for botulinum-toxin management of palatal myoclonus.

First human case series of invasive paired VNS for tinnitus.

Landmark clinical review of tinnitus.

Comprehensive review of tinnitus aetiology and management.

Imaging-led differential diagnosis of pulsatile (objective) tinnitus.

Cost-of-illness analysis; indirect costs dominate and rise with severity.

Dissociates DMN, attention and auditory network changes from hearing loss.

Review of how attention amplifies tinnitus and its relevance to habituation.

Largest case series of middle-ear-myoclonus objective tinnitus.

Demonstrates improved reliability with automated psychoacoustic protocols.

Cochrane review: no convincing benefit of ginkgo over placebo.

Revised (Friedman) diagnostic criteria for IIH / pseudotumor cerebri.

Botulinum toxin treatment of palatal myoclonus.

Review of computational central-gain models of tinnitus.

Key human fMRI counter-evidence to the reorganization hypothesis.

Abnormal auditory resting-state network connectivity in tinnitus.

Grey-matter changes separating the percept from the distress dimension.

Overlapping-subnetwork (triple-network) account.

Landmark RCT of stepped, CBT-based tinnitus care versus usual care.

Development of the TFI as a measure responsive to treatment change.

Validates the tinnitus VAS for loudness, annoyance and distress dimensions.

Review of pharmacological treatment of tinnitus.

Cochrane review of antidepressants for tinnitus.

Cochrane review: no good evidence of a direct tinnitus effect.

RCT showing equivalence of mixing-point and total-masking sound settings in TRT.

Early study of acoustic coordinated-reset neuromodulation; not robustly replicated.

Review synthesising early evidence that CI consistently reduces tinnitus in SSD.

Clinical review of somatosensory tinnitus.

Mechanistic review of aminoglycoside hair-cell death.

Evidence for central gain / hidden hearing loss in normal-audiogram tinnitus.

Central-gain framework for tinnitus generation.

Homeostatic plasticity is sufficient to drive tinnitus.

DCN hyperactivity segregates with behavioural tinnitus in mice.

Hidden hearing loss can drive central gain and tinnitus despite a normal audiogram.

fMRI evidence of auditory-limbic dysregulation, including vmPFC/accumbens involvement.

Frames chronic tinnitus as a persisting aversive memory; tinnitus-pain parallel.

Mechanistic memory-network model of phantom percepts.

Combined VBM/DTI separating hearing-loss from tinnitus effects.

Central-gain model of tinnitus.

Identifies a distinct distress network in tinnitus.

Characterises tinnitus associated with temporomandibular joint disorders.

Review of the bidirectional tinnitus–depression relationship.

Meta-analysis supporting CBT for tinnitus distress.

Reference guide to ototoxic / tinnitus-inducing drugs.

RCT: melatonin helpful, especially with sleep disturbance and severe tinnitus.

RCT showing ACT outperformed TRT on tinnitus distress at follow-up.

Meta-analysis showing multicomponent therapy (information/sound plus CBT) more effective than single-modality care.

Controlled trial showing TRT reduces tinnitus loudness and annoyance.

Clinical framework for assessing and managing pulsatile tinnitus, including the arterial-versus-venous distinction.

Rodent basis for VNS-paired-tone plasticity.

Review of aminoglycoside hair-cell death and otoprotection.

Authoritative mechanistic overview.

Limbic distress network.

Seminal frontostriatal noise-cancellation (limbic-thalamic gating) model of tinnitus.

Multinational TRI database to delineate tinnitus subtypes and outcome predictors.

Review of molecular targets and drug approaches in tinnitus.

Landmark notched-music trial demonstrating frequency-specific reduction in tinnitus loudness and cortical activity.

Acoustic stimuli (including fractal tones) delivered via hearing aids for tinnitus.

Amplification plus counselling outperforms counselling alone.

Selected cohort showing intensity improvement and operative considerations.

Cochlear synaptopathy / hidden hearing loss.

Audiogram-edge pitch prediction.

Centralisation of inferior-colliculus hyperactivity over time.

Graph analysis of abnormal network hubs in tinnitus.

Review of human neuroimaging evidence (reused from Ch.1).

VBM grey-matter changes in tinnitus.

Audiometric screening rule for triaging MRI in asymmetric hearing loss.

Introduces a standardised, calibrated finger-rub hearing screen.

MEG evidence for the reduced-alpha/enhanced-gamma tinnitus signature.

Describes structured educational counselling in Progressive Tinnitus Management.

Series of dAVFs presenting with pulsatile tinnitus treated endovascularly.

Review of AIED diagnosis; largely clinical, steroid response as hallmark.

Diagnostic algorithm for structural/vascular pulsatile tinnitus.

Authoritative SSNHL review.

Imaging-based evaluation algorithm for pulsatile tinnitus.

Imbalance of cross-modal inputs.

Somatic testing in characterising pulsatile tinnitus.

Shows the tinnitus spectrum overlaps the region of hearing loss.

Key study linking residual-inhibition depth to the tinnitus spectrum and threshold-shift region.

Links residual inhibition, the tinnitus spectrum and the region of hearing loss.

Practical framework for therapeutic sound use.

Framework for environmental, generated and combined therapeutic sound.

Maps residual inhibition onto the tinnitus spectrum and region of threshold shift.

Landmark series establishing cochlear implantation as a treatment for tinnitus in single-sided deafness; on/off-reproducible suppression.

Endovascular Onyx management of high-risk dAVFs with cortical venous drainage.

Implanted cortical stimulation case experience.

Mechanisms and otoprotection in cisplatin ototoxicity.

Review of the tinnitus-insomnia relationship and hyperarousal.

Compares the accuracy of common bedside hearing tests against audiometry.

RCT: gabapentin no better than placebo for idiopathic tinnitus.

Antidepressants in tinnitus: both potential trigger and treatment.

Combined TMJ and cervical-spine assessment in tinnitus patients.

Foundational computational model deriving tinnitus hyperactivity from homeostatic plasticity.

VBM grey-matter changes in tinnitus.

Companion study characterising residual-inhibition functions across masker frequency.

Validation of the GAD-7 anxiety screen.

Computational model linking deafferentation, central gain, and tinnitus.

RCT comparing TRT with masking.

Long-term outcomes supporting sustained daily use of ear-level devices.

Defining description of the carbamazepine-responsive typewriter phenotype.

Anatomical basis of somatosensory-auditory convergence in DCN.

DCN hyperactivity in tinnitus.

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia framework.

DCN auditory-trigeminal convergence.

Animal evidence for cortical map reorganization and its prevention.

MEG oscillatory signature of tinnitus.

Broad review including chronicity and impact.

Case illustrating tinnitus/hearing loss as a presenting feature of MS.

Central-mechanism framework for tinnitus.

Original QuickSIN test; defines SNR loss.

Cited in: Speech-in-noise & valid testing, Speech-in-noise & valid testing

Demonstrates MRI superiority over ABR for detecting retrocochlear lesions.

Validates the 12-item mini-TQ short form.

Key reference on low-frequency noise, annoyance, and the Hum phenomenon.

Rapid post-trauma hyperactivity.

Cortical spontaneous hyperactivity and synchrony after focal loss.

Classic review of pulsatile tinnitus and its causes.

Clinical methodology for loudness matching, masking and minimum masking level.

Systematic review establishing the accuracy of the whispered-voice test.

ECochG SP/AP and area-ratio measures in early Meniere.

Case linking hyperviscosity from CML to sudden hearing loss/tinnitus.

Validation of the PHQ-9 depression screen.

Defining clinical series of gaze-evoked tinnitus, largely post-CPA surgery.

Authoritative review of reversible salicylate ototoxicity and OHC electromotility.

Foundational DCN-hyperactivity model of tinnitus.

Showed DCN spontaneous hyperactivity after trauma resembles tone-evoked activity.

Clinical catalogue of the tinnitus-pain parallel.

Foundational account of tinnitus pitch, loudness, masking and residual-inhibition measurement methods.

Defines the TRT category system (0-4) and the matched treatment protocol.

Basis for high-frequency audiometric ototoxicity monitoring.

Original thalamocortical dysrhythmia model.

Foundational paper on somatic modulation of tinnitus.

Demonstrates the need for repeated matches and procedural standardisation.

Classic review highlighting the large placebo response in tinnitus trials.

Foundational PET study implicating the limbic system.

Original description of superior canal dehiscence syndrome.

Original development and validation of the 25-item THI with three subscales.

Phantom-limb pain as a deafferentation/reorganisation analogue for tinnitus.

Foundational clinical articulation of the neurophysiological model underpinning TRT counselling.

Foundational statement of the neurovascular-conflict hypothesis for the eighth nerve.

Foundational neurophysiological model framing tinnitus as a phantom percept.

Original validation of the PSQI sleep-quality measure.

Early framing of tinnitus as an auditory analogue of pain.

Original HADS, a non-somatic anxiety/depression screen for medical clinics.

Classic description of tinnitus masking curves and their convergent/divergent/congruent/persistent/resistant types.

Classic report of tinnitus as the presenting feature of pernicious anaemia.

Classic soundproof-room study; 94% of normal-hearing volunteers perceived tinnitus.

Classic soundproof-room study showing silence unmasks phantom sound.